WHAT IS PHONOLOGY? (STEP-7)

What is Phonology?

Phonology is the study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languages. Put more formally, phonology is the study of the categorical organisation of speech sounds in languages; how speech sounds are organised in the mind and used to convey meaning. In this section of the website, we will describe the most common phonological processes and introduce the concepts of underlying representations for sounds versus what is actually produced, the surface form. 

BACA JUGA : KATA-FRASA DAN KLAUSA

Phonology can be related to many linguistic disciplines, including psycholinguistics, cognitive science, sociolinguistics and language acquisition. Principles of phonology can also be applied to treatments of speech pathologies and innovations in technology. In terms of speech recognition, systems can be designed to translate spoken data into text. In this way, computers process the language like our brains do. The same processes that occur in the mind of a human when producing and receiving language occur in machines. One example of machines decoding language is the popular intelligence system, Siri.

Phonology vs. Phonetics – the key differences

BACA JUGA : PENGERTIAN LEKSIKOGRAMATIKAL

Phonology is concerned with the abstract, whereas phonetics is concerned with the physical properties of sounds. In phonetics we can see infinite realisations, for example every time you say a ‘p’ it will slightly different than the other times you’ve said it. However, in phonology all productions are the same sound within the language’s phoneme inventory, therefore even though every ‘p’ is produced slightly different every time, the actual sound is the same. This highlights a key difference between phonetic and phonology as even though no two ‘p’s are the same, they represent the same sound in the language.

lso refer to the Phonetics page to get a better idea of the differences and similarities between these two related areas of linguistics.

Phonemes V. Allophones

Phonemes are the meaningfully different sound units in a language (the smallest units of sound). For example, ‘pat’ and ‘bat’ differ in their first phoneme: the “p” and “b”. Vowels are also phonemes, so “pat” and “pet” differ by a phoneme, too (But phonemes don’t always match up with spelling!). When two words differ by a single phoneme they are known as a minimal pair.
Allophones are different ways to pronounce a phoneme based on its environment in a word. For example, the two allophones of /l/ in “little” are actually produced slightly differently, and the second one sounds slightly deeper. These different “l”s always occur in different environments in words, which is known as “complementary distribution”.

BACA JUGA : FONOLOGI DAN GRAFOLOGI

Phonology looks at many different things…

• Why do related forms differ? Sane—Sanity. Electric—Electricity/ Atom—Atomic
• Phonology finds the systematic ways in which the forms differ and explains them
• What is stored in the mind?
• Phonology studies abstract mental entities, such as structures and processes. This contrasts with phonetics, which deals with the actual production and acoustics of the sounds of language.
• What sounds go together?
• Looks at what sounds/sound combinations are accepted and why.
• How are sounds organized into syllables?
• With the use of phonological trees syllables are broken up more easily. Syllables are made up of a rhyme and an onset (any consonants before the rhyme). The rhyme made up of a nucleus (the vowel sound(s) in the syllable, the key component of all syllables) and a coda (any consonants following the nucleus).
• What are the differences between languages?
• For example, different languages can u

 Source : http://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/phonology/

 author   : masririd

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PENGERTIAN FONOLOGI DAN GRAFOLOGI

Fonologi atau Phonology dalam Bahasa Inggris, merupakan gabungan dari kata “phone” yang berarti “bunyi” dan “logy” yang berasal dari Bahasa latin “logos” yang berarti “ilmu”. Secara harfiah, fonologi adalah ilmu bunyi. Fonologi merupakan bagian dari ilmu bahasa yang mengkaji bunyi. Objek kajian fonologi di dalam Ilmu Linguistik dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu: Fonetik/Phonetics dan Fonemik/Phonemics. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa fonologi adalah cabang Ilmu Linguistik yang mengkaji bunyi-bunyi bahasa, proses terbentuknya dan perubahannya. Fonologi mengkaji bunyi bahasa secara umum dan fungsional.

Grafologi mengkaji tentang jenis simbol, jumlah simbol, penggunaan simbol, paduan simbol degnan bahasa lisan.

Mari kita pelajari dari sumber yang lain tentang phonology

1. Definitions

Phonology is that branch of linguistics which studies the sound system of languages. The sound system involves

• the actual pronunciation of words, which can be broken up into the smallest units of pronunciation, known as a segment or a phoneme. ( The words pat, chat and fat have different phonemes at the beginning, and so phonemes contrast with each other to produce different words.)
• prosody – pitch, loudness, tempo and rhythm – the ‘music’ of speech. (Other terms used are non-segmental phonology or supra-segmental phonology.)

We shall focus more on the former because there is very little information about historical prosody!

(It might also be relevant to say here that we will distinguish phonetics from phonology. The former concentrates on the actual sound-making and could be thought of as being more akin to physics; the latter concentrates on how sounds are organised in individual languages. In order to do phonology, therefore, you will necessarily need to know at least some of the phonetics.)

IPA Symbol	Word	Alternative Symbols		IPA Symbol	Word	Alternative Symbols
g	get			x	loch (Scottish)
Z	pleasure	(American)		dZ	jam	(American)
S	ship	(American)		tS	chin	(American)
N	sing			?	settle (Cockney)
T	thin			j	yes	y (American)
D	this

2. The IPA
Phonologists and phoneticians generally have to use special symbols – usually the IPA, or International Phonetic Alphabet.

This module does not attempt to teach you the IPA, although we will introduce you to the symbols used for English.

One word of warning: we said that English spelling was phonetic, more or less; we also said that English spelling sometimes represents morphemes as well. We need to careful, therefore, and not assume that every letter represents a phoneme. For example, people often talk about ‘dropping the g’ in words like talking and running (often written as talkin’ and runnin’), whereas <ng> in talking represents one sound /N/, and <n’> in talkin’ represents another sound /n/; ‘dropping’ suggests that one sound has been left out.

Another convention that might be useful to mention here is that orthographic symbols (including spelling) are indicated by the use of angle brackets, as in <ch>; phonetic symbols are indicated by the use of square brackets, as in [k]; and phonemes are indicated by the use of oblique strokes, as in /k/.

 BACA JUGA : what is phonology ?

There are a number of websites that you can go to for further information.

·         You can go to a web page maintained by Michael Quinion for a quick introduction: http://www.quinion.com/words/pronguide.htm 

·         You can also go to Peter Ladefoged’s website that also contains sound files for you to listen to how the phonetic symbols are pronounced: http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/contents.html (Peter Ladefoged is a British-born linguist in the University of California, Los Angeles.)

(It might also be useful to add that a number of American linguists use a modified version of the IPA, so be forewarned if you have consulted or are consulting American texts.)

First of all, the letters b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, z are given their conventional values as in normal English spelling.

Here are some other symbols for consonants with examples of the sounds (italicised) from English words. The alternative symbols have been included for information and will not be used in this module.

Nah sekian sob.

source : Modul UT/courses.nus.edu.sg/

author : mas ririd

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KATA-FRASA-KLAUSA-KALIMAT (STEP-7)

Pengertian Kata adalah suatu unit sebuah Bahasa yang mengandung makna dan terdiri dari satu atau lebih morfem.

Pengertian Frasa yaitu sekelompok kata yang saling berkaitan dan bermakna. Frasa tidak memiliki subjek dan kata kerja.

Pengertian Klausa yaitu serangkaian kata yang terdiri atas subjek dan predikat namun tidak bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat.

Pengertian Kalimat adalah kumpulan kata yang biasanya berisi subjek dan predikat serta objek dan dapat berupa pertanyaan, instruksi ataupun bentuk lain.

Nah sekarang mari kita analisa text berikut:

Based on its name, the island is a habitat of Komodo that is well-known as hot-blooded animal. This place is komodo’s original habibat. It becomes one on tourism destination that should be visited. It is managed by the government and built to be Komodo National Park. Komodo island is located in Sumbawa. Besides, become a national park, this island have be listed as World Heritage by Unesco. This is because you can see the komodo in this place. When you come to the place, you should be accompanied by tour guide.

1. Kata      : Name, island, Komodo, animal, Komodo national park, place
2. Frasa     : become a, tour guide, maged by, built to
3. Klausa   :based on its name, that should be visited, when you come to the place
4. Kalimat : This place is komodos’original habitat.

Contoh text lainnya seperti dibawah ini : 

The Kraton (also spelled keraton or karaton) or the Palace of Yogyakarta, is a grand complex that was meticulously planned to reflect the Javanese cosmos.
This elegant complex of pavilions was constructed based on ancient beliefs, of the connection between the God, human and the natural realms. Each feature holds a special symbolic meaning related to the Javanese worldview, who consider the importance of Mount Merapi and The Indian Ocean

(Sumber : https://www.indonesia.travel/gb/en/destinations/java/yogyakarta/the-kraton)

AUTHOR : masririd

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Belajar Morfologi (STEP-7)

Aims of Morphology

• Identification of morphemes
• Study meaning of morphemes
• Assign meaning to parts of words

Example

*-ing on words such as jumping, running, borrowing, boxing.

1. Take the first example ‘jumping’
2. Split it into two morphemes: one free morpheme (jump) and one bound morpheme (-ing)
3. Once you identify that -ing is a bound morpheme for this word, we know that is the same for other words such as the examples given above (running, borrowing, boxing).

The purposes of studying morphology

The internal structure of words and the segmentation into different kinds of morphemes is essential to the two basic purposes or morphology:

1. the creation of new words and
2. the modification of existing words.[1] We create new words out of old ones all the time. Here you can read more about how word creation is studied.

Morphology vs. Syntax

Grammar covers both morphology and syntax

1. Morphology: study of word forms
2. Syntax: study of sentence structure

Morphology and syntax are, however, closely related, and there is often an argument as to whether learning morphology leads to the acquisition of syntax, or if syntax provides the features and structures upon which morphology operates.

 It is possible to have the syntax right, but the morphology wrong
Example using children’s language

• Children will usually use the correct syntactic constructions (Usually SVO), but use the wrong affix or insert one where it’s not needed
• `I felled over` vs `I fell over`
• Morphology is irregular: the past tense inflection `-ed` is found in words such as `walked`, `danced` and `jumped` but is not applied to all past tense constructions

This highlights a major difference between morphology and syntax:

Source :  https://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/morphology/why-is-morphology-studied/

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