PENGERTIAN FONOLOGI DAN GRAFOLOGI

Fonologi atau Phonology dalam Bahasa Inggris, merupakan gabungan dari kata “phone” yang berarti “bunyi” dan “logy” yang berasal dari Bahasa latin “logos” yang berarti “ilmu”. Secara harfiah, fonologi adalah ilmu bunyi. Fonologi merupakan bagian dari ilmu bahasa yang mengkaji bunyi. Objek kajian fonologi di dalam Ilmu Linguistik dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu: Fonetik/Phonetics dan Fonemik/Phonemics. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa fonologi adalah cabang Ilmu Linguistik yang mengkaji bunyi-bunyi bahasa, proses terbentuknya dan perubahannya. Fonologi mengkaji bunyi bahasa secara umum dan fungsional.

Grafologi mengkaji tentang jenis simbol, jumlah simbol, penggunaan simbol, paduan simbol degnan bahasa lisan.

Mari kita pelajari dari sumber yang lain tentang phonology

1. Definitions

Phonology is that branch of linguistics which studies the sound system of languages. The sound system involves

• the actual pronunciation of words, which can be broken up into the smallest units of pronunciation, known as a segment or a phoneme. ( The words pat, chat and fat have different phonemes at the beginning, and so phonemes contrast with each other to produce different words.)
• prosody – pitch, loudness, tempo and rhythm – the ‘music’ of speech. (Other terms used are non-segmental phonology or supra-segmental phonology.)

We shall focus more on the former because there is very little information about historical prosody!

(It might also be relevant to say here that we will distinguish phonetics from phonology. The former concentrates on the actual sound-making and could be thought of as being more akin to physics; the latter concentrates on how sounds are organised in individual languages. In order to do phonology, therefore, you will necessarily need to know at least some of the phonetics.)

IPA Symbol	Word	Alternative Symbols		IPA Symbol	Word	Alternative Symbols
g	get			x	loch (Scottish)
Z	pleasure	(American)		dZ	jam	(American)
S	ship	(American)		tS	chin	(American)
N	sing			?	settle (Cockney)
T	thin			j	yes	y (American)
D	this

2. The IPA
Phonologists and phoneticians generally have to use special symbols – usually the IPA, or International Phonetic Alphabet.

This module does not attempt to teach you the IPA, although we will introduce you to the symbols used for English.

One word of warning: we said that English spelling was phonetic, more or less; we also said that English spelling sometimes represents morphemes as well. We need to careful, therefore, and not assume that every letter represents a phoneme. For example, people often talk about ‘dropping the g’ in words like talking and running (often written as talkin’ and runnin’), whereas <ng> in talking represents one sound /N/, and <n’> in talkin’ represents another sound /n/; ‘dropping’ suggests that one sound has been left out.

Another convention that might be useful to mention here is that orthographic symbols (including spelling) are indicated by the use of angle brackets, as in <ch>; phonetic symbols are indicated by the use of square brackets, as in [k]; and phonemes are indicated by the use of oblique strokes, as in /k/.

 BACA JUGA : what is phonology ?

There are a number of websites that you can go to for further information.

·         You can go to a web page maintained by Michael Quinion for a quick introduction: http://www.quinion.com/words/pronguide.htm 

·         You can also go to Peter Ladefoged’s website that also contains sound files for you to listen to how the phonetic symbols are pronounced: http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/contents.html (Peter Ladefoged is a British-born linguist in the University of California, Los Angeles.)

(It might also be useful to add that a number of American linguists use a modified version of the IPA, so be forewarned if you have consulted or are consulting American texts.)

First of all, the letters b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, z are given their conventional values as in normal English spelling.

Here are some other symbols for consonants with examples of the sounds (italicised) from English words. The alternative symbols have been included for information and will not be used in this module.

Nah sekian sob.

source : Modul UT/courses.nus.edu.sg/

author : mas ririd

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KATA-FRASA-KLAUSA-KALIMAT (STEP-7)

Pengertian Kata adalah suatu unit sebuah Bahasa yang mengandung makna dan terdiri dari satu atau lebih morfem.

Pengertian Frasa yaitu sekelompok kata yang saling berkaitan dan bermakna. Frasa tidak memiliki subjek dan kata kerja.

Pengertian Klausa yaitu serangkaian kata yang terdiri atas subjek dan predikat namun tidak bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat.

Pengertian Kalimat adalah kumpulan kata yang biasanya berisi subjek dan predikat serta objek dan dapat berupa pertanyaan, instruksi ataupun bentuk lain.

Nah sekarang mari kita analisa text berikut:

Based on its name, the island is a habitat of Komodo that is well-known as hot-blooded animal. This place is komodo’s original habibat. It becomes one on tourism destination that should be visited. It is managed by the government and built to be Komodo National Park. Komodo island is located in Sumbawa. Besides, become a national park, this island have be listed as World Heritage by Unesco. This is because you can see the komodo in this place. When you come to the place, you should be accompanied by tour guide.

1. Kata      : Name, island, Komodo, animal, Komodo national park, place
2. Frasa     : become a, tour guide, maged by, built to
3. Klausa   :based on its name, that should be visited, when you come to the place
4. Kalimat : This place is komodos’original habitat.

Contoh text lainnya seperti dibawah ini : 

The Kraton (also spelled keraton or karaton) or the Palace of Yogyakarta, is a grand complex that was meticulously planned to reflect the Javanese cosmos.
This elegant complex of pavilions was constructed based on ancient beliefs, of the connection between the God, human and the natural realms. Each feature holds a special symbolic meaning related to the Javanese worldview, who consider the importance of Mount Merapi and The Indian Ocean

(Sumber : https://www.indonesia.travel/gb/en/destinations/java/yogyakarta/the-kraton)

AUTHOR : masririd

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Belajar Morfologi (STEP-7)

Aims of Morphology

• Identification of morphemes
• Study meaning of morphemes
• Assign meaning to parts of words

Example

*-ing on words such as jumping, running, borrowing, boxing.

1. Take the first example ‘jumping’
2. Split it into two morphemes: one free morpheme (jump) and one bound morpheme (-ing)
3. Once you identify that -ing is a bound morpheme for this word, we know that is the same for other words such as the examples given above (running, borrowing, boxing).

The purposes of studying morphology

The internal structure of words and the segmentation into different kinds of morphemes is essential to the two basic purposes or morphology:

1. the creation of new words and
2. the modification of existing words.[1] We create new words out of old ones all the time. Here you can read more about how word creation is studied.

Morphology vs. Syntax

Grammar covers both morphology and syntax

1. Morphology: study of word forms
2. Syntax: study of sentence structure

Morphology and syntax are, however, closely related, and there is often an argument as to whether learning morphology leads to the acquisition of syntax, or if syntax provides the features and structures upon which morphology operates.

 It is possible to have the syntax right, but the morphology wrong
Example using children’s language

• Children will usually use the correct syntactic constructions (Usually SVO), but use the wrong affix or insert one where it’s not needed
• `I felled over` vs `I fell over`
• Morphology is irregular: the past tense inflection `-ed` is found in words such as `walked`, `danced` and `jumped` but is not applied to all past tense constructions

This highlights a major difference between morphology and syntax:

Source :  https://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/morphology/why-is-morphology-studied/

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Singapore Navy latihan bersama dengan Us Navy di perairan Guam

Frigate RSS Intreprid menembakkan rudal anti kapal permukaan Harpoon  (anti-ship missile) di perairan Guam.  Penembakan rudal tersebut merupakan salah satu skenario Latihan bertajuk “Pacific Grim”yang digelar Angkatan Laut Singapura atau The Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) dengan Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat atau US Navy (USN). Dikutip dari harian  straitstimes.com, latihan kedua negara telah dimulai pada tanggal 24 September 2019 s.d. 11 Oktober 2019. 

BACA JUGA :EXOCET MM 40 BLOCK 3 BERHASIL DITEMBAKKAN

 www.staitstimes.com

Pacific Grim mulai dilaksanakan pada tahun 2017, dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan hubungan kerjasama antara angkatan laut singapura (RSN) dengan angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat (US Navy).

BACA JUGA :USS OREGON SSN 793 DIRESMIKAN

 www.navyrecognition.com

Dikutip dari Janes.com dalam latihan tersebut RSN menerjunkan 2 kapal frigat RSS Intrepid dan RSS Formidable serta dua helikopter Sikorsky S-70B Seahawk, sementara Us Navy mengerahkan Litoral Combat ship USS Gabrielle Giffords, destroyer USS Momsen, auxiliary ship USNS Amelia Earhart dan sebuah kapal selam kelas Los Angeles serta didukung pesawat P-8 Poseidon dan Hawker Hunter Fighter Jet.

Disarikan dari navytimes.com dalam  latihan tersebut USS Ford (FG 54) yang telah masuk dalam daftar penghapusan kapal US Navy menjadi sasaran tembak yang berjarak 170 NM dari Pulau Guam.

BACA JUGA :COPE WEST 2019 DI MANADO

Source : janes.com/straitstimes.com/navyrecognition.com/navytimes.com

author : masririd

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USS Oregon (SSN 793) akan diresmikan

U.S. Navy akan meresmikan Kapal Selam terbaru  tipe Virginia-class fast attack submarine. Dikutip dari defpost.com, Kapal selam dengan nama USS Oregon (SSN 793) akan diresmikan pada tanggal 5 Oktober 2019 di Galangan General Dynamics Electric Boat (GEB) facility Groton, Connecticut U.S.A.

 www.defpost.com

BACA JUGA : GALANGAN KAPAL U.S.A LUNCURKAN USS VIRGINIA 791
 

USS Oregon merupakan kapal selam tempur Nuklir ke 20 dari tipe Virginia-class fast attack submarine. Blok Empat. Pembuatan Kapal selam ini sendiri telah dimulai pada tahun 2014 dan dijadwlkan pada tahun 2020 siap beroperasi. USS Oregon didesain untuk menghadapi tantangan keamanan maritim dan ancaman musuh diabad ke-21. 

 www.teepublic.com

BACA JUGA :KAPAL SELAM BUATAN PT PAL SIAP DILUNCURKAN

Desain tipe Virginia-class fast attack submarine  blok 4 telah memenuhi standar teknologi Reduce Total Ownership Cost (RTOC) untuk menekan biaya operasional dan  meningkatkan kemampuan operasional serta bekul ulang. Kapal Selam Virginia-class submarines yang telah dioperasikan U.S. Navy mampu dioperasikan di perairan dangkal (Litoral) atau perairan dalam serta memiliki kemampuan anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface ship warfare, strike warfare, misi pengintaian, misi intelijen dan misi anti peperangan ranjau.

 www.pinterest.com

BACA JUGA : JERMAN LUNCURKAN KAPAL SELAM PESANAN SINGAPURA

Source : defpost.com/pinterest.com/teepublic.com
author : masririd
  

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Turki resmikan korvet anti kapal selam TCG Kinaliada F 514

Angkatan Laut Turki atau Turkish Naval Forces Command (TNFC) menerima korvet anti kapal selam terbaru Ada-class (Milgem) anti-submarine warfare corvette. Kapal dengan nama TCG Kinaliada nomor lambung F514 diresmikan pada tanggal 29 September 2019 di Galangan Kapal Istambul Naval Shipyard.

 www.trtworld.com

Kapal ini merupakan kapal keempat dari Ada-class. Dikutip dari Janes.com Presiden Turki Recep Thayib Erdogan mengatakan bahwa Kinaliada F-514 akan dilengkapi dengan rudal canggih permukaanTurkey's Roketsan-built Atmaca (Hawk) anti-ship cruise missile sebagai pengganti dari  AGM-84 anti-ship missiles.

BACA JUGA : INDIA BERHASIL UJI COBA RUDAL ASTRA BRVAAM

 www.millisavunma.com

Dalam pembuatan Milgem project korvet anti kapal selam ini, Turki telah mampu meningkatkan kemampuannya dalam hal kemandirian produksi yang menggunakan komponen lokal sebesar 70%. 

 www.worldnavalnews.com

BACA JUGA :THAILAND PESAN KAPAL SELAM KE CHINA

Pendahulu Ada-class  diantaranya yaitu, TCG Burgazada (F-513)TCG Heybeliada (F-511) dan TCG Büyükada (F-512). Secara umum kapal ini memiliki panjang 99,6 meter dan berat mencapai 2.300 ton. Kecepatan maksimal yang mampu dicapai Kinaliada yakni 29 knot.

 www.trtworld.com

BACA JUGA : TNI AL TERIMA KAPAL PERANG BARU

Dari segi armament Kinaliada dipersenjatai dengan senjata utama 76mm Otomelara super rapid gun, 2 peluncur terpedo 324 mm (13 in) Mk 32 triple ASW, quad-cell launchers for Harpoon anti-ship missiles, senapan mesin berat 12.7 mm (0.50 in) Aselsan STAMP Stabilized Machine Gun Platform, Mk-144 Guided Missile Launcher (GML) for RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) point defense missile system (PDMS).

Pada bagian buritan kapal ini juga memiliki heli deck dan fasilitas UAV.

Source : janes.com/trtworld.com/woldnavalnews.com/millisivunma.com
Author : masririd

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