In linguistics, the register is defined as the way a speaker
uses language differently in different circumstances. Think about the words you
choose, your tone of voice, even your body language. You probably behave very
differently chatting with a friend than you would at a formal dinner party or
during a job interview. These variations in formality, also called
stylistic variation, are known as registers in linguistics. They are determined
by such factors as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience.
Registers
are marked by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases,
colloquialisms and the use of jargon, and a difference in intonation and pace;
in "The Study of Language," linguist George Yule describes the
function of jargon as helping " to create and maintain connections among
those who see themselves as 'insiders' in some way and to exclude
'outsiders.'"
Registers
are used in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, and signed.
Depending on grammar, syntax, and tone, the register may be extremely rigid or
very intimate. You don't even need to use an actual word to communicate
effectively. A huff of exasperation during a debate or a grin while signing
"hello" speaks volumes.
Types
of Linguistic Register
Some
linguists say there are just two types of register: formal and informal. This
isn't incorrect, but it is an oversimplification. Instead, most who study
language say there are five distinct registers.
- Frozen: This form is sometimes called
the static register because it refers to historic language or
communication that is intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or
prayer. Examples: The Bible, the United States Constitution, the Bhagavad
Gita, "Romeo and Juliet."
- Formal: Less rigid but still
constrained, the formal register is used in professional, academic, or
legal settings where communication is expected to be respectful,
uninterrupted, and restrained. Slang is never used, and contractions are
rare. Examples: a TED talk, a business presentation, the Encyclopaedia
Brittanica, "Gray's Anatomy," by Henry Gray.
- Consultative: People use this register
often in conversation when they're speaking with someone who has
specialized knowledge or who is offering advice. Tone is often respectful
(use of courtesy titles) but may be more casual if the relationship is
longstanding or friendly (a family doctor.) Slang is sometimes used,
people may pause or interrupt one another. Examples: the local TV news
broadcast, an annual physical, a service provider like a plumber.
- Casual: This is the register people
use when they're with friends, close acquaintances and co-workers, and
family. It's probably the one you think of when you consider how you talk
with other people, often in a group setting. Use of slang, contractions,
and vernacular grammar is all common, and people may also use expletives
or off-color language in some settings. Examples: a birthday party, a
backyard barbecue.
- Intimate: Linguists say this register
is reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and
often in private. Intimate language may be something as simple as an
inside joke between two college friends or a word whispered in a lover's
ear.
Additional
Resources and Tips
Knowing
which register to use can be challenging for English students. Unlike Spanish
and other languages, there is no special form of a pronoun expressly for use in
formal situations. Culture adds another layer of complication, especially if
you're not familiar with how people are expected to behave in certain
situations.
Teachers
say there are two things you can do to improve your skills. Look for contextual
clues such as vocabulary, use of examples, and illustrations. Listen for tone of voice. Is the speaker whispering or
yelling? Are they using courtesy titles or addressing people by name? Look at
how they're standing and consider the words they choose
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